You are signed in. Close

You are signed out. Close

Thank you. Your subscription has started. Close

Thank you. You will get an email when a new comic comes out. Close

We could not confirm your payment. If you paid, use the link "Sign in" at the bottom of the page. Close

Something went wrong on our side. Please try again in a moment. Close

Previous episode The Signal protocol: how a chat heals after a key is stolen

How end-to-end encryption works: why even WhatsApp cannot read your messages

Group chats with end-to-end encryption: who makes the copies?

In an end-to-end encrypted group of six people, every message must reach five other phones. The server cannot read any of them. Who makes all those copies?

  1. 1 You start a group for the gift: you, Miva and four friends. Rono, of course, is left out.Rono's giftyouMiva

    You start a group for the gift: you, Miva and four friends. Rono, of course, is left out.

  2. 2 Every message must now reach the five other phones, and the server in the middle still may not read a word. So who makes the five copies, and how do you copy a message that nobody on the way can open?your phonechat server?

    Every message must now reach the five other phones, and the server in the middle still may not read a word. So who makes the five copies, and how do you copy a message that nobody on the way can open?

The rest of this episode is for subscribers

Subscribe to read every premium episode. You can cancel when you want.

Paid yearly: $99 instead of $119.88

Next episode Metadata: what a messaging app still knows when it cannot read a word

Share this comic

More comics