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Previous episode How a wing makes lift: it pushes air down

How planes fly: what really keeps them in the air

Bernoulli and lift: why the air over a wing really goes faster

The air over a plane wing really does move faster than the air under it. The famous reason for it is wrong. The true reason is about air pressure, and air pressure is a second way to see how a wing lifts.

  1. 1 Rono sits by the window, right over the wing. Air presses on everything around him, from every side. On a wing standing still, the push from above and the push from below are the same. They cancel out. This push of the air has a name: air pressure.air pressurethe same above and below

    Rono sits by the window, right over the wing. Air presses on everything around him, from every side. On a wing standing still, the push from above and the push from below are the same. They cancel out. This push of the air has a name: air pressure.

  2. 2 Now the air flows over the wing and bends around its top. Air only follows a curve when the pressure on the inside of the curve, next to the wing, is lower. Then the higher pressure outside pushes it around the bend. So, just above the wing, the pressure drops.lower pressurehigher pressure

    Now the air flows over the wing and bends around its top. Air only follows a curve when the pressure on the inside of the curve, next to the wing, is lower. Then the higher pressure outside pushes it around the bend. So, just above the wing, the pressure drops.

  3. 3 Under the wing, the tilted surface pushes against the air and slows it a little. There, the pressure gets a little higher.a little higher pressure

    Under the wing, the tilted surface pushes against the air and slows it a little. There, the pressure gets a little higher.

  4. 4 Now the pushes don't cancel. The air below pushes up harder than the air above pushes down. The difference is the lift. It is the same lift as before: the push back from the air thrown down. Here we just look at it from another side.liftsmall pushesbig pushes

    Now the pushes don't cancel. The air below pushes up harder than the air above pushes down. The difference is the lift. It is the same lift as before: the push back from the air thrown down. Here we just look at it from another side.

  5. 5 Air is pushed from high pressure toward low pressure, a bit like water running downhill. So the air in front of the wing rushes into the low pressure above it, and speeds up. Air speeds up where the pressure drops, and slows down where it rises. This is Bernoulli's principle.higherpressureit speeds uplow pressure

    Air is pushed from high pressure toward low pressure, a bit like water running downhill. So the air in front of the wing rushes into the low pressure above it, and speeds up. Air speeds up where the pressure drops, and slows down where it rises. This is Bernoulli's principle.

  6. 6 So Rono's textbook got one thing right: faster air goes with lower pressure. But the air does not hurry to meet anyone. The wing bends the air, the pressure above it drops, and the air speeds up into the low pressure.the air mustmeet againat the backfaster air,lower pressure

    So Rono's textbook got one thing right: faster air goes with lower pressure. But the air does not hurry to meet anyone. The wing bends the air, the pressure above it drops, and the air speeds up into the low pressure.

  7. 7 All this needs air rushing past the wings, hundreds of kilometres an hour of it. The engines make that speed. Rono looks at the engine under the wing and goes pale. What happens if both engines stop?Rono?the engine

    All this needs air rushing past the wings, hundreds of kilometres an hour of it. The engines make that speed. Rono looks at the engine under the wing and goes pale. What happens if both engines stop?

  8. Quick check

    Upside down.A stunt plane flies upsidedown, the front edge of itswing tilted up. Where is thepressure lower: on the sidethat faces the sky, or theside that faces the ground?

    Upside down.

    Show the answer

    On the side that faces the sky. The tilted wing bends the air down, so the air that curves over the sky side has lower pressure there, whatever the shape of the wing.

  9. Go further

    Two names behind the pressure.Daniel Bernoullithe Swiss scientist whowrote about pressure andspeed in moving water,in 1738Leonhard Eulershowed in 1754 that airor water bending along acurve has lower pressureon the inside of the bend

    Two names behind the pressure.

Next episode Engine failure: what happens when a plane's engines stop in the air

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